If you’ve ever admired a lush hydrangea or a thriving dogwood and thought, “I wish I could create more of these in my yard,” then propagating shrubs from hardwood cuttings might just be the perfect solution.
What Are Hardwood Cuttings?
Hardwood cuttings are exactly what they sound like—mature, woody segments taken from a plant’s stems (or branches) during the dormant season, typically late fall to early spring. These cuttings are rich in nutrients and primed to grow into new plants with the proper care and attention.
Unlike softwood and semi-hardwood cuttings, which are taken during the active growing season, hardwood cuttings are collected when shrubs are dormant. This dormancy makes them more robust and less prone to wilting, making hardwood cuttings an ideal method for beginner gardeners or anyone looking for a reliable propagation technique.
There are three primary types of hardwood cuttings, each suited for different plant species and propagation goals:
- Straight Cuttings
These are the most common type, made from a single, straight section of a branch. Typically 6-12 inches long, straight cuttings are taken from most deciduous plants and are easy to handle, making them ideal for general propagation purposes.
- Mallet Cuttings
Mallet cuttings include a small portion of the parent branch where the cutting was attached. This additional “heel” of older wood provides extra nutrients and stability, making them particularly useful for plants that are harder to root, such as some flowering shrubs or fruit trees.
- Heel Cuttings
Heel cuttings involve pulling a side shoot from the main stem in such a way that a thin strip of older wood, or “heel,” remains attached. This method is especially effective for conifers and certain evergreen shrubs, promoting better rooting due to the extra surface area provided.
The Advantages of Using Hardwood Cuttings
Why should you choose hardwood cuttings over other propagation techniques? Here are three compelling reasons:
- Cost-Effective: Instead of buying new plants, you can propagate shrubs you already own or share cuttings with fellow gardening enthusiasts. It’s a budget-friendly way to fill your garden with beloved plants.
- Preservation of Plant Traits: Hardwood cuttings allow you to clone your favorite plants, preserving specific traits like bloom color, growth habit, and overall hardiness.
- Durability: Hardwood cuttings are less fragile than their softwood and semi-hardwood counterparts. They require less maintenance and are more tolerant of fluctuating conditions.
“Propagating shrubs through hardwood cuttings is a straightforward, efficient method for cultivating plants,” says Lisa Steele, garden expert and author of The Ever-Green Gardener. “Once you learn this technique, it will become a staple in your gardening toolbox.”
How to Identify Hardwood Cuttings
Hardwood cuttings are typically from woody shrubs or vines. Look for stems that are mature, woody, and brown rather than green and pliable. A good rule of thumb is to bend a stem gently; if it snaps cleanly, it’s likely a hardwood cutting.
The Best Shrubs for Hardwood Cutting Propagation
Not all shrubs root easily from hardwood cuttings, but several thrive in this propagation method. Below, we’ve divided them into two categories—deciduous and evergreen—as each type offers unique advantages to any garden.
Deciduous Shrubs
Deciduous shrubs lose their leaves in the winter, making it easier to spot good, healthy wood for cuttings. Here are a few top contenders to propagate via hardwood cuttings:
Forsythia:

With its cheerful yellow blooms, forsythia is a classic shrub that’s both easy to grow and ideal for hardwood propagation. It thrives in well-draining soil and full sun or partial shade.
Dogwood:

Known for its striking red branches in winter, dogwoods are perfect for adding year-round beauty to your garden. They prefer moist, fertile soil and a mix of sun and shade.
Elderberry:

These fast-growing shrubs not only produce flavorful berries but are also among the quickest to root from hardwood cuttings.
Currants:

Loved for their fruit, currant shrubs root exceptionally well and can be planted in both ornamental and edible garden designs.
Rose:

Many rose varieties root successfully from hardwood cuttings. Plant them in well-drained soil and ensure ample sunlight for best results.
Hydrangea:

With their iconic, fluffy blooms, hydrangea plants are surprisingly easy to propagate. Root hardwood cuttings during the dormant season for best results.
Spirea:

These low-maintenance shrubs are highly adaptable and suitable for propagation. They thrive in full sun and can tolerate various soil types.
Evergreen Shrubs
Unlike deciduous shrubs, evergreen varieties keep their foliage year-round, making them popular choices for hedges and privacy screens. Here’s a list of evergreen shrubs perfect for hardwood cuttings propagation.
Boxwood:

Known for their dense leaves and tidy appearance, boxwoods are a favorite for formal gardens. They appreciate well-draining soil and partial sun.
Holly:

Iconic during winter thanks to their red berries, holly shrubs are versatile and hardy. Root hardwood cuttings in acidic soil for success.
Privet:

Often used for hedging, privets grow rapidly when propagated and require only minimal maintenance.
Euonymus:

Evergreen euonymus varieties are resistant to pests and thrive in almost any soil, making them excellent candidates for propagation.
Step-by-Step Guide to Propagating Shrubs from Hardwood Cuttings
Step 1: Timing
Hardwood cuttings are best taken during the dormant season, from late fall to early spring, when plants have conserved their resources. Wait until after the first frost for deciduous plants, as this signals dormancy.
Step 2: Selecting and Preparing Cuttings
- Choose healthy, mature stems that are free from disease and pests.
- Cut sections about 6-12 inches long. Make an angled cut at the base and a straight cut at the top for orientation.
- Remove any leaves or buds to reduce water loss during rooting.
Step 3: Applying Rooting Hormone
Dip the base of each cutting in rooting hormone powder or gel. This encourages the development of strong roots. While optional, rooting hormone significantly increases success rates.
Step 4: Planting the Cuttings
- Use a well-draining medium like a sand-perlite mix or loamy soil.
- Insert each cutting 2-4 inches deep, ensuring that at least one node is below the soil.
- Space the cuttings adequately to allow airflow and prevent disease.
Step 5: Caring for Cuttings
- Keep the soil evenly moist but not waterlogged.
- Avoid exposing the cuttings to extreme weather conditions. A cold frame or sheltered area is ideal.
- Be patient—hardwood cuttings can take several months to root.
Step 6: Transplanting Rooted Cuttings
Once roots are established, usually in early spring, harden off cuttings by gradually exposing them to outdoor conditions. Transplant them to their permanent location in the garden, and provide ample water until they’re well-established.
Expert Tips for Success
- Always start with disease-free and healthy parent plants.
- Label each cutting if you’re propagating multiple varieties to stay organized.
- Avoid direct sunlight initially; indirect light works wonders during the rooting phase.
- Use a clean, sharp pruning tool to minimize stem damage.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
- Taking Cuttings Too Early or Late: Timing is critical for hardwood propagation. Stick to the dormant season.
- Neglecting to Apply Rooting Hormone: While optional, rooting hormones often mean the difference between success and failure.
- Overwatering or Underwatering: Keep the soil evenly moist—neither soggy nor dry.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ):
How long does it take for hardwood cuttings to root?
Typically, it takes 3-6 months for hardwood cuttings to develop roots, depending on the shrub species and care provided.
Can all shrubs be propagated from hardwood cuttings?
No, not all shrubs propagate successfully through hardwood cuttings. Some prefer other methods, like softwood cuttings or seeds.
Do I need a greenhouse for propagation?
While not required, a greenhouse or cold frame can improve rooting success by providing consistent temperature and humidity.
What if my cuttings don’t root?
Even experienced gardeners face failures. Experiment with different shrubs, mediums, and conditions until you find what works best for your garden.